Genetics Quiz 2
Genetics Quiz #2
31. A ___________ trait is one that has been inherited from an earlier ancestor.
- A) neutral
- B) homologous
- C) primitive
- D) derived
32. A _________ trait is one that has changed from an ancestral state.
- A) neutral
- B) homologous
- C) primitive
- D) derived
33. Neither apes nor humans have a tail, whereas other primates have tails. Compared with apes, the lack of a tail in human beings is a _____________ trait since they both inherited it from a
common ancestor.
- A) neutral
- B) homologous
- C) primitive
- D) derived
34. ________ is used to determine what traits are primitive and what traits are derived in an analysis of closely related species.
- A) A molecular clock
- B) An outgroup
- C) A phenetic approach
- D) An adaptive radiation model
35. Imagine you are studying the presence and absence of a hairy nose in a hypothetical group of organisms. If your outgroup shows a hairy nose, this means that a hairy nose is a __________ trait.
- A) primitive
- B) derived.
36. If you classify organisms based on all homologous traits, you are using a(n) __________ approach.
- A) population genetic
- B) homologous
- C) evolutionary systematics
- D) cladistic
37. If you classify organisms based on evolutionary relationships, you are using a(n) ___________ approach.
- A) population genetic
- B) homologous
- C) evolutionary systematics
- D) cladistic
38. Cladistics is a method of classification that considers
- A) traits that show homology and homoplasy.
- B) all homologous traits, both primitive and derived.
- C) only primitive homologous traits.
- D) only derived homologous traits.
39. According to the method of cladistics, two species are placed in the same group if they share__________ traits.
- A) any homologous
- B) primitive
- C) derived
- D) polymorphic
40. If parallel evolution is common, the evolutionary systematics approach to classification will
- A) make species seem more distantly related than they really are.
- B) make species seem more closely related than they really are.
- C) have no effect on judging evolutionary relationships.
- D) make it seem as though there were more species than actually existed.
41. A population is a group of individuals of a species which:
- A) interbreed.
- B) reside in the same area.
- C) inhabit the same space at the same time.
- D) only b and c are true
- E) a, b, and c are true
42. The sum total of all alleles carried in all members of a population is called its:
- A) gene pool.
- B) genome.
- C) ploidy.
- D) polygenic sum.
- E) polymorphism.
43. Microevolution is defined as:
- A) a process that includes new species formation.
- B) changes in the frequency of alleles within a population.
- C) evolution of microorganisms.
- D) interactions between species.
- E) all of the above
44. Macroevolution is defined as:
- A) evolution that occurs over geologic time.
- B) process by which new species emerge from existing species.
- C) the consequence of extended periods of microevolution.
- D) the origin of new species by mutation and natural selection.
- E) all of the above
45. Population genetics provides answers for all of the following questions except:
- A) what is the frequency of genetic disease in a population?
- B) what fraction of the phenotypic variation in a trait is the result of genetic variation?
- C) what alleles are most likely to mutate?
- D) given certain quantifiable variables, how long is a disease likely to persist?
- E) how rapidly can a disease gain a foothold in a population?
46. Which of the following is not one of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg law ?
- A) The population is very large.
- B) There is non-random mating within the population.
- C) Mutations in the alleles do not occur.
- D) No migration occurs into or out of the population.
- E) The ability of all genotypes for survival and reproduction is the same.
47. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in populations is defined as conditions that produce:
- A) only heterozygotes.
- B) many lethal alleles.
- C) genetic drift.
- D) constant allele frequencies which do not change from generation to generation.
- E) all of the above
48. The heterozygote genotype frequency term for a gene with two alternate alleles A (frequency p) and a (frequency q) in the Hardy-Weinberg equation is:
- A) p 2
- B) q 2
- C) 2pq.
- D) (p+q)2
- E) p+q.
49. If in a population of 1 million people, 100 albinos (homozygous recessives, aa) were found, how many normal (homozygous dominants, AA) individuals will be found in the next generation under equilibrium conditions?
- A) 19,800
- B) 100,000
- C) 980,010
- D) 999,900
- E) 100
50. In humans, brachydactyly is a dominant condition. Six thousand four hundred people in a population of 10,000 show the disease (1,600 are BB, 4,800 are Bb) and 3,600 are normal phenotypes (bb). The frequency of the b allele is:
- A) 0.6.
- B) 0.4.
- C) 0.36.
- D) 0.48.
- E) 0.16.
51. The frequency of the Hemoglobin A allele is 0.9. The heterozygote with the recessive allele, s, show resistance to the malarial parasite. What is the frequency of the heterozygote for the pair As?
- A) 0.81
- B) 0.1
- C) 0.01
- D) 0.18
- E) 0.09
52. The genotypic frequency of inherited autosomal recessive condition, phenylketonuria, is 1 in 3,600 people. The frequency of the normal allele is:
- A) 0.0167.
- B) 0.9833.
- C) 0.0328.
- D) 0.00286.
- E) 3,599.
53. Which of the following is not generally true about conditions of natural populations?
- A) Size is not always very large.
- B) Individuals do not mate at random.
- C) New mutations do occur.
- D) There is migration in and out of the population.
- E) Different genotypes have the same fitness.
54. Fitness is described as:
- A) an individual's ability to survive to adulthood.
- B) an individual's ability to reproduce.
- C) the effect of the particular genotype which cannot always be predicted.
- D) a, b, and c are true.
- E) only a, and b are true.
55. Changes in allele frequency in conditions of either natural or artificial selection depends on:
- A) allele frequencies themselves.
- B) relative fitness related to viability.
- C) reproductive abilities of the different phenotypes.
- D) a, and b only.
- E) a, b, and c.
56. Many human recessive genetic diseases are maintained despite continuing selection against them because:
- A) heterozygotes have higher fitness than either homozygote.
- B) the recessive alleles mutate to the dominant type.
- C) there is no inheritance for the recessive allele.
- D) the dominant allele frequency remains the same over generations.
- E) none of the above.
57. A disease that has been studied in great detail for heterozygote superiority is:
- A) brachydactyly.
- B) sickle cell disease.
- C) insulin-dependent diabetes.
- D) albinism.
- E) tuberculosis.
58. If African populations have a relative fitness of the wild type genotype of 0.8, and that of the heterozygote of 1.0, then the relative advantage in the fitness of the heterozygotes would be:
- A) 0.8.
- B) 0.08.
- C) 0.16.
- D) 0.28.
- E) 1.25.
59. Mutations arise from:
- A) DNA damage due to environmental agents.
- B) from errors in replication.
- C) from errors in the transmission of genetic information in cell division.
- D) only a and b.
- E) a, b, and c.
60. The frequency of disease alleles is influenced by:
- A) heterozygous advantage.
- B) mutation.
- C) time of onset of disease.
- D) selection.
- E) all of the above.